Ginseng

(1) M. S. Fahim, Z. Fahim, J. M. Harman, T. E. Clevenger, W. Mullins & E. S. E. Hafez (1982) Effect of Panax Ginseng on Testosterone Level and Prostate in Male Rats, Archives of Andrology, 8:4, 261-263, DOI: 10.3109/01485018208990207 (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/01485018208990207)

(2) Ellis JM, Reddy P. Effects of Panax ginseng on quality of life. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Mar;36(3):375-9. doi: 10.1345/aph.1A245. PMID: 11895046. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11895046/)

(3) Ping FW, Keong CC, Bandyopadhyay A. Effects of acute supplementation of Panax ginseng on endurance running in a hot & humid environment. Indian J Med Res. 2011 Jan;133(1):96-102. PMID: 21321426; PMCID: PMC3100154. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3100154/)

(4) Kang S, Min H. Ginseng, the 'Immunity Boost': The Effects of Panax ginseng on Immune System. J Ginseng Res. 2012 Oct;36(4):354-68. doi: 10.5142/jgr.2012.36.4.354. PMID: 23717137; PMCID: PMC3659612. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3659612/)

(5) Leung KW, Wong AS. Ginseng and male reproductive function. Spermatogenesis. 2013 Jul 1;3(3):e26391. doi: 10.4161/spmg.26391. Epub 2013 Sep 13. PMID: 24381805; PMCID: PMC3861174. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861174/)

(6) Kim YS, Woo JY, Han CK, Chang IM. Safety Analysis of Panax Ginseng in Randomized Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review. Medicines (Basel). 2015 Jun 8;2(2):106-126. doi: 10.3390/medicines2020106. PMID: 28930204; PMCID: PMC5533164. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5533164/)

(7) Oh J, Kim JS. Compound K derived from ginseng: neuroprotection and cognitive improvement. Food Funct. 2016 Nov 9;7(11):4506-4515. doi: 10.1039/c6fo01077f. PMID: 27801453. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27801453/)

(8) Unlu A, Nayir E, Kirca O, Ay H, Ozdogan M. Ginseng and cancer. J BUON. 2016 Nov-Dec;21(6):1383-1387. PMID: 28039696. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28039696/)

(9) Bao L, Cai X, Wang J, Zhang Y, Sun B, Li Y. Anti-Fatigue Effects of Small Molecule Oligopeptides Isolated from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer in Mice. Nutrients. 2016 Dec 13;8(12):807. doi: 10.3390/nu8120807. PMID: 27983571; PMCID: PMC5188462. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27983571/)

(10) Bach HV, Kim J, Myung SK, Cho YA. Efficacy of Ginseng Supplements on Fatigue and Physical Performance: a Meta-analysis. J Korean Med Sci. 2016 Dec;31(12):1879-1886. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2016.31.12.1879. PMID: 27822924; PMCID: PMC5102849. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27822924/)

(11) Im K, Kim J, Min H. Ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: Protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng against viral infection. J Ginseng Res. 2016 Oct;40(4):309-314. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.09.002. Epub 2015 Sep 16. PMID: 27746682; PMCID: PMC5052424. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5052424/)

(12) Lee S, Rhee DK. Effects of ginseng on stress-related depression, anxiety, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Ginseng Res. 2017 Oct;41(4):589-594. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.01.010. Epub 2017 Jan 24. PMID: 29021708; PMCID: PMC5628357. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5628357/)

(13) Dong H, Ma J, Li T, Xiao Y, Zheng N, Liu J, Gao Y, Shao J, Jia L. Global deregulation of ginseng products may be a safety hazard to warfarin takers: solid evidence of ginseng-warfarin interaction. Sci Rep. 2017 Jul 19;7(1):5813. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-05825-9. PMID: 28725042; PMCID: PMC5517508. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5517508/)

(14) Mancuso C, Santangelo R. Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolius: From pharmacology to toxicology. Food Chem Toxicol. 2017 Sep;107(Pt A):362-372. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.019. Epub 2017 Jul 8. PMID: 28698154; PMCID: PMC7116968. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7116968/)

(15) Jakaria M, Haque ME, Kim J, Cho DY, Kim IS, Choi DK. Active ginseng components in cognitive impairment: Therapeutic potential and prospects for delivery and clinical study. Oncotarget. 2018 Sep 11;9(71):33601-33620. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.26035. PMID: 30323902; PMCID: PMC6173364. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173364/)

(16) Zheng M, Xin Y, Li Y, Xu F, Xi X, Guo H, Cui X, Cao H, Zhang X, Han C. Ginsenosides: A Potential Neuroprotective Agent. Biomed Res Int. 2018 May 8;2018:8174345. doi: 10.1155/2018/8174345. PMID: 29854792; PMCID: PMC5964429. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5964429/)

(17) Lho SK, Kim TH, Kwak KP, Kim K, Kim BJ, Kim SG, Kim JL, Kim TH, Moon SW, Park JY, Park JH, Byun S, Suh SW, Seo JY, So Y, Ryu SH, Youn JC, Lee KH, Lee DY, Lee DW, Lee SB, Lee JJ, Lee JR, Jeong H, Jeong HG, Jhoo JH, Han K, Hong JW, Han JW, Kim KW. Effects of lifetime cumulative ginseng intake on cognitive function in late life. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2018 May 24;10(1):50. doi: 10.1186/s13195-018-0380-0. PMID: 29793529; PMCID: PMC5968575. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5968575/)

(18) Kim HJ, Jung SW, Kim SY, Cho IH, Kim HC, Rhim H, Kim M, Nah SY. Panax ginseng as an adjuvant treatment for Alzheimer's disease. J Ginseng Res. 2018 Oct;42(4):401-411. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.12.008. Epub 2018 Jan 12. PMID: 30337800; PMCID: PMC6190533. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30337800/)

(19) Arring NM, Millstine D, Marks LA, Nail LM. Ginseng as a Treatment for Fatigue: A Systematic Review. J Altern Complement Med. 2018 Jul;24(7):624-633. doi: 10.1089/acm.2017.0361. Epub 2018 Apr 6. PMID: 29624410. (https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/acm.2017.0361?)

(20) Choi JH, Lee MJ, Jang M, Kim HJ, Lee S, Lee SW, Kim YO, Cho IH. Panax ginseng exerts antidepressant-like effects by suppressing neuroinflammatory response and upregulating nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 signaling in the amygdala. J Ginseng Res. 2018 Jan;42(1):107-115. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.012. Epub 2017 Apr 29. PMID: 29348729; PMCID: PMC5766696. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5766696/)

(21) Jakaria M, Haque ME, Kim J, Cho DY, Kim IS, Choi DK. Active ginseng components in cognitive impairment: Therapeutic potential and prospects for delivery and clinical study. Oncotarget. 2018 Sep 11;9(71):33601-33620. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.26035. PMID: 30323902; PMCID: PMC6173364. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6173364/)

(22) Riaz, Muhammad & Rahman, Najmur & Zia-Ul-Haq, Muhammd & Jaafar, Hawa & Manea, Rosana. (2018). Ginseng: A dietary supplement as immune-modulator in various diseases. Trends in Food Science & Technology. 83. 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.11.008. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328833463_Ginseng_A_dietary_supplement_as_immune-modulator_in_various_diseases)

(23) Jin Y, Cui R, Zhao L, Fan J, Li B. Mechanisms of Panax ginseng action as an antidepressant. Cell Prolif. 2019 Nov;52(6):e12696. doi: 10.1111/cpr.12696. Epub 2019 Oct 10. PMID: 31599060; PMCID: PMC6869450. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6869450/)

(24) Baek JH, Heo JY, Fava M, Mischoulon D, Choi KW, Na EJ, Cho H, Jeon HJ. Effect of Korean Red Ginseng in individuals exposed to high stress levels: a 6-week, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Ginseng Res. 2019 Jul;43(3):402-407. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.03.001. Epub 2018 Mar 8. PMID: 31308812; PMCID: PMC6606819. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31308812/)

(25) Al-Dujaili EAS, Abu Hajleh MN, Chalmers R. Effects of Ginseng Ingestion on Salivary Testosterone and DHEA Levels in Healthy Females: An Exploratory Study. Nutrients. 2020 May 28;12(6):1582. doi: 10.3390/nu12061582. PMID: 32481563; PMCID: PMC7352699. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7352699/)

(26) Jin TY, Rong PQ, Liang HY, Zhang PP, Zheng GQ, Lin Y. Clinical and Preclinical Systematic Review of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey and Its Compounds for Fatigue. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Jul 17;11:1031. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01031. PMID: 32765262; PMCID: PMC7379339. (https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.01031/full)

(27) Sung WS, Kang HR, Jung CY, Park SS, Lee SH, Kim EJ. Efficacy of Korean red ginseng (Panax ginseng) for middle-aged and moderate level of chronic fatigue patients: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2020 Jan;48:102246. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102246. Epub 2019 Nov 19. PMID: 31987248. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31987248/)

(28) Hou W, Wang Y, Zheng P, Cui R. Effects of Ginseng on Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci. 2020 Mar 20;14:55. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2020.00055. PMID: 32265659; PMCID: PMC7099600. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7099600/)

(29) Leisegang K, Finelli R. Alternative medicine and herbal remedies in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A systematic review. Arab J Urol. 2021 Jun 11;19(3):323-339. doi: 10.1080/2090598X.2021.1926753. PMID: 34552783; PMCID: PMC8451697. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8451697/)

(30) Ratan ZA, Youn SH, Kwak YS, Han CK, Haidere MF, Kim JK, Min H, Jung YJ, Hosseinzadeh H, Hyun SH, Cho JY. Adaptogenic effects of Panax ginseng on modulation of immune functions. J Ginseng Res. 2021 Jan;45(1):32-40. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.09.004. Epub 2020 Sep 17. PMID: 33437154; PMCID: PMC7790873. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7790873/)

(31) Hyun SH, Ahn HY, Kim HJ, Kim SW, So SH, In G, Park CK, Han CK. Immuno-enhancement effects of Korean Red Ginseng in healthy adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Ginseng Res. 2021 Jan;45(1):191-198. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.08.003. Epub 2020 Sep 16. PMID: 33437171; PMCID: PMC7790881. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7790881/)

(32) Lu G, Liu Z, Wang X, Wang C. Recent Advances in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer as a Herb for Anti-Fatigue: An Effects and Mechanisms Review. Foods. 2021 May 10;10(5):1030. doi: 10.3390/foods10051030. PMID: 34068545; PMCID: PMC8151278. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8151278/)

(33) Sadeghian M, Rahmani S, Zendehdel M, Hosseini SA, Zare Javid A. Ginseng and Cancer-Related Fatigue: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials. Nutr Cancer. 2021;73(8):1270-1281. doi: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1795691. Epub 2020 Jul 21. PMID: 32691627. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32691627/)

(34) Lee HW, Lee MS, Kim TH, Alraek T, Zaslawski C, Kim JW, Moon DG. Ginseng for Erectile Dysfunction: A Cochrane Systematic Review. World J Mens Health. 2022 Apr;40(2):264-269. doi: 10.5534/wjmh.210071. Epub 2021 Jun 15. PMID: 34169686; PMCID: PMC8987140. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8987140/)

(35) Bui BP, Nguyen PL, Do HTT, Cho J. Anxiolytic effect of Korean Red Ginseng through upregulation of serotonin and GABA transmission and BDNF expression in immobilized mice. J Ginseng Res. 2022 Nov;46(6):819-829. doi: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.07.007. Epub 2022 Aug 5. Erratum in: J Ginseng Res. 2023 Jan;47(1):166. PMID: 36312738; PMCID: PMC9597442. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36312738/)

(36) Yoon, E.-J.; Ahn, J.-W.; Kim, H.-S.; Choi, Y.; Jeong, J.; Joo, S.-S.; Park, D. Improvement of Cognitive Function by Fermented Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer Berries Extracts in an AF64A-Induced Memory Deficit Model. Nutrients 2023, 15, 3389. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15153389 (https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/15/3389)

(37) Zhang G, Lu B, Wang E, Wang W, Li Z, Jiao L, Li H, Wu W. Panax ginseng improves physical recovery and energy utilization on chronic fatigue in rats through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. Pharm Biol. 2023 Dec;61(1):316-323. doi: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2169719. PMID: 36695132; PMCID: PMC9879180. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36695132/)